Analysis of John Updikes A&P Short Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of John Updikes A&P Short Story - Essay Example The character of Sammy in the story is replete with ironical undercurrents and a sarcastic and mocking tone towards the things. Sammy who serves as a young checkout clerk at an A&P store though being hateful of a lot of his colleagues and superiors, in a way is ironically subservient to the same sense of compliance and duty. During his cynical and intense monologue, Sammy evinces a more than average dejection for Stokesie, who is from a middle class background, married and merely aspires to crawl high up the corporate ladder or the traditionalist like Lengel, who is happy bidding his time haggling about a cabbage lot or festering behind the confines of his office door. However, the readers could discernibly identify the verbal irony inherent in Sammy’s monologue in the sense that Sammy is himself serving as an ordinary checkout clerk at the A&P story, a plight that he vehemently abhors and detests in his colleagues and superiors. Hence, in a way, one could see that there is a wide gap between what Sammy says what he actually means and what he is really doing at the store. Sammy’s monologue in the short story A&P also depicts ample inherent verbal irony in his attitude towards the young girls in the bathing suit. One could amply discern that the girls do unleash the suppressed bestiality and savageness in young Sammy’s consciousness (Greiner 93). When the leader of their group, Queenie comes to Sammy to pay for her shopping, Sammy blatantly ends up being a victim to indecorous reveries like touching Queenie’s breasts or cheeks. In fact, Sammy goes on to register that Queenie’s breasts are, â€Å"two perfect scoops of ice cream (Updike 313)†. The monologue going on in Sammy’s mind more than amply conveys to the readers that he harbors visible carnal feelings and a sense of lust towards the girls. The readers to a great extent assume that Sammy has an irreverent and indecorous attitude towards the girls in the bathing suits.

Search and sort Essay Example for Free

Search and sort Essay Direction: Provide the appropriate output for the following machine problems. Note: To authenticate the output, please insert the printscreen and the source code in a zip file. Deadline of submission: September 18, 2013 (no extension). 1. Write a program to test the method binarySearch. Use either the method insertionSort or selectionSort to sort the list before the search. 2. Suppose that the elements of a list are in descending order and they need to be put in ascending order. Write a Java method that takes as input an array of items in descending order and the number of elements in the array. The method rearranges the element of the array in ascending order. Your method must not incorporate any sorting algorithms, that is, no item comparisons should occur. 3. Write a method, remove that takes three parameters: an array of integers, the length of the array, and an integer, say, removeItem. The method should find and delete the first occurrence of removeItem in the array. If the value does not exist or the array is empty, output an appropriate message. (Note that after deleting the element, the array size is reduced by 1.) You may assume that the array is unsorted. 4. Write a method, removeAt, that takes three parameters: an array of integers, the length of the array, and an integer, say, index. The method deletes the array element indicated by index. If index is out of range or the array is empty, output an appropriate message. (Note that after deleting the element, the array size is reduced by 1.) You may assume that the array is unsorted. 5. Write a program to keep track of a hardware store’s inventory. The store sells various items. For each item in the store, the following information is kept: item ID, item name, number of pieces ordered, number of pieces currently in the store, number of pieces sold, manufacturer’s price of the item, and the store’s selling price. At the end of each week, the store manager would like to see a report in the following form: Friendly Hardware Store itemID itemName pOrdered pInStore pSold manufPrice sellingPrice 4444 Circular Saw 150 150 40 45.00 125.00 3333 Cooking Range 50 50 20 450.00 850.00 . . . Total Inventory: PHP #########.## Total number of items in the store: _______ The total inventory is the total selling value of all the items currently in the store. The total number of items is the sum of the number of pieces of all the items in the store. Your program must be menu driven, giving the user various choices, such as: check whether an item is in the store, sell an item, and print the report. After inputting the data, sort it according to the items’ names. Also, after an item is sold, update the appropriate counts. Initially, the number of pieces (of an item) in the store is the same as the number of pieces ordered, and the number of pieces of an item sold is zero. Input to the program is a file consisting of data in the following form: itemID itemName pOrdered manufPrice sellingPrice Use seven parallel vectors to store the information. The program must contain at least the following methods—a method to input the data into the vectors, a method to display the menu, a method to sell an item, and a method to print the report for the manager. After inputting the data, sort it according to the items’ names.

Honesty is the Best Policy Essay -- Literary Analysis, Cofer, Ephron,

Henry Louis Mencken said, â€Å"It is hard to believe that a man is telling the truth when you know that you would lie if you were in his place.† Under most circumstances people in the world today would lie before they tell the true. I believe people would rather stretch the truth, than be honest with themselves and with others. Judith Ortiz Cofer, Nora Ephron, and Eric Schlosser, demonstrate honesty throughout their essays. Cofer’s essay â€Å"The Story of My Body† is an autobiography focusing on her childhood; how she honestly felt about herself growing up. She was truthful about her skin color; she did not try to enrich her skin color to improve the essay. â€Å"White,† †blanca† is what Cofer was identified as in Puerto Rico growing up (Cofer 324). Being different growing up is difficult and intimidating, but she was honest with herself and accepted who she was. Cofer was honest about her size â€Å"I was 4F, skinny, short, bespectacled† is how Cofer honestly explains her stature, and honestly tells the readers that her nickname was â€Å"shrimp† (326, 327). Being honest, lead Cofer to realize she had knowledge, which is more important than achieving an A in physical education class. This allowed her to discover who she was, which helped her become an honest person. Finally, Cofer’s honesty about her â€Å"looks† helps portray a picture of confusion of growing up. In Puerto Rico she was â€Å"rewarded for being bonita, pretty,† but in â€Å"main stream world of school† she was just â€Å"presentable† (Cofer 328, 329). Being honest with herself allowed her to represent her class, she did not over dress; she dressed â€Å"neatly† (Cofer 329). Her honesty throughout her childhood, allowed her to become the type of person she is today. Ephron’s essay â€Å"The Boston Photographe... ...e bacteria’s have made it across America in their foods (Schlosser 496). The advertisement of large corporations â€Å"aggressively market to children† and children can be affected by contaminated meat easier than an adult (Schlosser 496). The rise of the fast food corporations has honesty began the devastation of economic decline in the United States. Honesty can be hard to find in someone, the fact is people will lie before telling the truth. It is difficult to understand that the honesty in a novel or article can be more entertaining than a fictional tale. The three essays by Judith Ortiz Cofer, Nora Ephron, and Eric Schlosser, portrayed how honesty overcomes dishonesty. Writing about personnel events in life, or about a company destroying America, or even how other people become angry with something you have done, it is still the best policy to be honest.

Organizational Behavior and Communication Essay

This paper will focus on the American Red Cross. The culture, espoused values and enacted values are all important aspects of this organization. Communication plays a very vital role in the perception and organizational culture. Perceptions within this organization might cause misalignment between espoused and enacted values. Being able to identify the role of conflict in group communication of the organization is very vital to the success of the organization. The conflict tends to improve communication within and among groups, so that the organization can be effective. American Red Cross According to http://www. firelandsredcross. org/History. htm, the American Red Cross is the largest volunteer organization in America. Since the founding of the Red Cross by Clara Barton in 1881, volunteers have been trained to help families, friends, and neighbors in the event of an emergency. It is committed to making a positive difference by improving the quality of human life, enhancing self-reliance and concern for others, and helping people avoid, prepare for, and cope with emergencies. The American Red Cross South Arkansas chapter saves lives by responding with food, shelter, and hope when a disaster occurs. This organization saves lives. When disaster strikes, we respond with food, shelter and hope. Some of the major principles of American Red Cross Movement are: humanity, impartiality, independence, voluntary service, unity, and universality. The shared values of this organization includes: humanitarianism, stewardship, helping others, respect, voluntary spirit, continuous learning, and integrity. Some key elements toward the success of an organization should be influenced by the: culture, communication, role of conflict in group communication, and how conflict improves communication in the organization. Communication and Culture The relationship between communication and culture is very difficult to understand. Cultures are formed through communication. Communication is the way humans are able to interact by which customs, roles, rules, rituals, laws, or other patterns are created and shared. Without communication, it would be impossible to keep and pass along cultural qualities from one place and time to another. Communication plays a vital role in the success of American Red Cross and helps to achieve the desired outcomes of this organization. Culture is created, shaped, passed, and learned through communication. Therefore, communication practices are largely created, shaped, and transmitted by culture. Communication is the only organizational process that has the power to inform, educate and bring about cooperation and ultimately the kind of individual behavior change that leads to powerful cultural change. The past, present and future of this organization, which reflect the culture, can only be preserved through various communication artifacts. If the culture needs to be changed, communication is the main tool around the change process (Reiley & Roberts, 2007). Misalignment and Perception Often, misalignment of espoused and enacted values affects the perception of American Red Cross. Misalignment of values causes frustration, anger, confusion and disengagment. Organization leaders talk about teamwork, but sometimes employees experience a different reality that some team members are better than others. A limited view of goals in this organization leads to efforts being ignored, unappreciated or even belittled. Conflict in Group Communication American Red Cross is composed of individuals that have different opinions, beliefs, and values that cause conflict. Conflict occurs within this organization when the organization’s differences are communicated. Conflict in group communication helps to bring clarity, vision, and direction. Therefore, group communication helps with unity of vision, clear directives, feedback, and challenges of the organization. Improving Communication Conflict allows us to listen for and understand what is felt and said. This is necessary in order to build strong relationships among those in the American Red Cross. Conflict improves communication by the ability to recognize and respond to vital matters, find ways to compromise, and a belief that solving the problem can support the interest and needs of others (Leavitt, 2000). Overall, conflict improves communication by building strong and better relationships, overcoming challenges, and being successful with work in life. Conclusion Finally, the awareness of the American Red Cross culture is necessary for continued diverse growth. In order to attract the best of the organization, a culture of diversity and open communication is needed. Once the American Red Cross has these qualities, it can improve efficiency and have more viewpoints to learn from. To make sure the organizational culture is compatible with the strategic goals of this organization, conflict must be beneficial to the overall improvement of communication in this organization and success will be guaranteed.

Collaboration in the supply chain

In general footings supply concatenation direction has been described by Cox ( 1997 ) as â€Å" a manner of thought that is devoted to detecting tools and techniques that provide for increased operational effectivity and efficiency throughout the bringing channels that must be created internally and externally to back up and provide bing corporate merchandise and service offerings to clients † . Supply concatenation direction can besides be defined as a direction of three or more administration linked together by one or more of the flow of merchandise, services, finance and information from a beginning to a client ( Mentzer et al, 2001 ) . So based on the above definition supply concatenation direction can be describe as a direction of the relationship and activities among the member of the administrations internally every bit good as externally. As the concern environment becomes more complex, administrations recognise that many benefits can be obtained from closer, long term relationship in supply concatenation ( Ganesan, 1994 ) . The end of the supply concatenation direction is that every member of the administration should work together in close and long term relationship to increase the competitory advantage of the supply concatenation direction as a whole which can move as one of the nucleus competence of the administration ( Mentzer et al, 2001 ) . The troubles for production companies are escalating, as a â€Å" rising figure merchandises are launched whose marks market can merely be reached efficaciously through a limited figure of mercantile establishments whose ownership is concentrated in a diminishing figure of centralized concatenation † ( Guirdham, 1972, P: nine ) . However, there are plentiful illustrations of major gross revenues and market portion breakthrough being achieved by a supply concatenation scheme which requires a supply concatenation direction. External environment in which a house operates besides plays a critical function in the acceptance and execution of supply concatenation integrating. The fast altering market demands require companies to incorporate supply concatenation procedures in order to be more antiphonal. Customers are demanding merchandises which can be systematically delivered faster and more faithfully, which requires close coordination within the house and with retail merchants or mercantile establishments ( Richey et al. , 2009 ) . However, A figure of researches are done on the retail administrations and parent administrations but there is a deficiency in literature between the supply concatenation direction of these two administrations. As per OCED ( 2007 ) and Porter and Ketels ( 2003 ) , fabricating administrations in developed economic systems needs to travel up the value concatenation and vie on the footing of value instead than on the footing of cost. To vie on the footing of the value the administration should necessitate services to the client. Martinez et Al ( 2009 ) stated that it is a ambitious undertaking for a fabrication administration to go a product-service administration ( PSS ) in which merchandises and services can be provided by the retail merchants to the costumiers for some administration. The acceptance of a new product-service scheme requires investings on capacity edifice such as the placement of retail merchants, new peoples ‘ accomplishments, capablenesss and engineerings etc. ( Reinartz and Ulaga, 2008 ) . Therefore, in the short period of clip it can be disputing for administrations to take out immense grosss from a new PSS transmutation but in the longer period of clip that new PSS schemes can convey immense grosss to the administrations ( Quinn et al. , 1990 ) . Oliva and Kallenberg ( 2003 ) , Davies ( 2003 ) and Araujo and Spring ( 2006 ) argue that during this transmutation to a combined product-service offering, administrations are likely to alter their schemes, value ironss, operations, system integrating capablenesss, people expertise and engineerings. In many merchandise service administrations ( PSS ) industries service are provided by the retail merchant as the nucleus competence of a retail merchant lies in supplying services to the client and have the client cognition of that country. However, the manner of altering transmutation waies from a merchandise fabrication administration to a combined product-service administration are still ill understood ( Voss, 2005 ; Johnston, 1995 ; Miller et al. , 2002 ; Tukker, 2004 ) . Harmonizing to Richey et Al, 2009 in PSS there are two drivers in supply concatenation integrating which are internal and external. Most of the administrations look to develop the internal supply concatenation integrating to cut down cost in production and the others factors alternatively of developing it overall. It is besides said that directors have reported many troubles in the procedure of implementing of complete supply concatenation integrating because external environment is non in control of any administration so it is difficult to implement complete supply concatenation integrating. Some administrations consider their retail merchant as an internal supply concatenation direction of the administration and some says that lies in external supply concatenation direction of the administration ( Keller, 2002 ) . However, Internal planning failure is due to the deficiency of an effectual planning that provides the result of concern procedures and external monitoring failure refers to the deficiency of an internal mechanism that efficaciously monitors the external environment ( Burt and Davies, 2007 ) . So which means that retail merchant administration can a portion of external or internal supply concatenation direction but the failure comes from internal of the administration. Alternatively of endeavoring for common ends, each functional country works for its ain involvement to accomplish its ain public presentation aims. A typical type of internal planning failure leads different functional countries in different waies. For illustration while the production section might to a great extent concentrate on cutting the costs, the gross revenues section might merely endeavor for bigger gross revenues volume, which will do supply concatenation integrating an impossible mission ( Christopher, 2005 ) . As stated by Richey et Al, 2009 external environment is non in control of any administration so it is difficult to implement complete supply concatenation integrating but as stated by Burt and Davies, 2007 monitoring of external environment is due to miss of internal failure which concludes that an administration can implement a complete supply concatenation integrating internally. In today ‘s environment, competition is among supply ironss instead than among single companies ( Christopher, 2005 ) . This requires houses to hold an effectual information system to supervise external environment, including their clients, retail merchant, and rivals, to do appropriate determinations sing supply concatenation integrating. Marketing writers have long argued that in order to be market oriented, houses must bring forth market cognition about the current and future client demands, administer the cognition across all the sections, and respond to it through coordination of sections ( Kohli and Jaworski, 1990 ; Slater and Narver, 1995 ) . The cognition of the current and the hereafter clients can be collected by the retail merchant as they are close to the clients and locally situated. â€Å" Competing supply concatenation that manage through coaction to incorporate supply and demand, present important improved public presentation, and benefit yet farther from close relationship that themselves foster more chance for greater betterment † ( Barratt, 2004, p 31 ) . As per Findlay et al. , 1990 retailing environment in developing states is under developed and there is no peculiar system or construction for retail market. If the retailing environment in the development states are undeveloped so how the administration are implementing the supply concatenation direction. Barriers to provide concatenation integrating act as a go-between to weaken the positive relationships between the drivers of supply concatenation integrating and the steadfast public presentation. Hoek ( 2000 ) argued that because mechanisms for both internal and external integrating can be found in the measuring and control of operations, it is of import to develop integrative steps for the full organisation. The research on the effects of the barriers to provide concatenation integrating is still missing, which limits the ability to happen effectual solutions to these issues. Therefore, it is worthwhile to look into the barriers and the effects of these barriers to provide concatenation integrating. Which external barriers are curtailing from constructing a healthy supply concatenation relationship between the parent and retail administration? Available literature reappraisal explains about the benefits of the supply concatenation relationship. But there is a deficiency in the literature reappraisal which explains the external barriers and how to get the better of with those barriers for an industry. By making the research on the external barriers impacting in doing the healthy relationship between the retail and the parent administration can convey good solution for most of the merchandise service administration. What jobs the retail and parent administration are confronting internally to develop healthy supply concatenation relation? To construct a healthy relationship in supply concatenation direction of merchandise service administration between the retail merchant and parent administration internal barriers should be identified. External supply concatenation direction fails due to the deficiency of an internal mechanism that efficaciously monitors the external environment ( Freathy, 2003 ) . By making the research on the internal barriers impacting in doing the healthy relationship between the retail and the parent administration can convey good solution for most of the merchandise service administration. How to get the better of the barriers which are set uping to construct a healthy supply concatenation relationship between the parent and retail administration? Merely by findings the external and internal barriers in the doing the healthy supply concatenation relationship between the parent and the retail administration is non sufficient. It is necessary to happen a solution to get the better of the barriers for any administration. As per the research the recommendation will be based on the solutions by utilizing the primary and secondary informations, so that the administrations which are confronting the similar barriers found in research can utilize that solution to do a healthy relationship in supply concatenation direction. By doing a healthy relationship parent and retail administration can supply better client service and can derive more market portion in their industry. In an interpretative doctrine the Inductive attacks has been selected because of assorted grounds such as, in this attack theory is made up on the footing of informations collected which means doing sense of world which can be find out of the interviews ( collected information ) , here â€Å" cause and consequence nexus exists between the variables and deriving the apprehension of the significances † ( Saunder et al. , 2007 ) , which provides a close apprehension of the existent state of affairs, which supports the use of qualitative informations, including interviews to be carried on. Furthermore the inclination of deductive attack in bordering ‘rigid methodological analysis which restricts the alternate account of what is traveling on ‘ proves to be its unfavorable judgment ( Fisher, 2010 ) . A instance survey or literature reappraisal would be used with inductive attack in order to acquire in-depth analysis within a existent life context. Yin, 2003 provinces that instance surveies or literature reappraisal non merely supply entree to broad scope of attitudinal, behavioral, and historical issues but besides can be used in combination of interviews and questionnaires ( Saunders et al. , 2007 ) . Many research workers ‘ stated that Triangulation of research methods is considered to be one of the most dependable and can be a valuable manner of carry oning research ( Robson, 2002: cited in Fisher, 2007 ) . Thus a multiple-method attack utilizing a combination of research methods was considered thereby utilizing qualitative informations by carry oning in-depth interviews ( Saunders et al. , 2007 ) and associating it to the literature reappraisal in the given clip frame.Research methods and tryingThe proposal is based on research that will be carried out on primary inform ations as opposed to the secondary informations due to the deficiency of literature available every bit good as the research has non been done on the above mentioned research inquiries. Primary informations here includes the in-depth unstructured face to confront interviews, to happen out what precisely is traveling on in world ( findings barriers ) and to seek new -insights ( Robson, 2002: cited in Fisher, 2007 ) , every bit good as informal interviews, considered as qualitative research interviews ( King 2004: cited in Saunders et al. , 2007 ) , with managers of the retail administration, senior directors, head employees of the retail administration, caput of regional office of Assorted administration within the agribusiness equipment industry ( tractors ) in Bundi part which is in Rajasthan ( India ) . To traverse look into the barriers informal interview with the retail administration in other part will besides be conducted. Access to the information and questioning the above de signators has been granted by the taking market portion administration and their retail merchants and the permission of entering the interview is besides granted. However confabs are in procedure for subscribing off the confidentiality understanding to keep the informations integrity/privacy, as one of the nucleus values of the administrations and with other trade names retail merchants and with seniors of regional offices. Other information can be gathered from the company ‘s dorsum land which can be use to associate it to the interview and entree to those information has been approved like understandings between the retail and parent administrations. For the pick of trying techniques this research intends to utilize purposive sampling that involves choosing considerable figure of enlightening interviews, hope to carry on 12 interviews with senior directors, managers of the retail administration, caput employees of the retail administration, caput of regional office within the agribusiness equipment industry ( tractors ) in India, to run into the above mentioned aims ( Fisher, 2007 ; Saunders, et.al. 2007 ) .RestrictionsWhile making un-structured and informal in-depth interviews, batch of factors demands to be taken attention off. Open inquiries need to be asked in order to avoid biasness every bit good as to take out maximal possible information from the administrations. However, the focal point will stay on the research inquiry and the purpose of research while questioning. Interviewer ‘s demands to take attention of the dress-code, privateness of the individual, opening remarks to be made while get downing interview, affe ctional hearing accomplishments, attack to entering informations and last but non the least given clip skyline within which interviews demands to be conducted and analysed.Specific Ethical or Legal Concerns With Your Research ProjectIt is necessary to understand the sensitiveness of utilizing the existent informations from the directors and the employees of the companies. It is of import to clear up the research subject, informations, addition entree of the informations and how we collect, analyse and utilize them in honest and responsible mode ( Fisher, 2007 ; Saunders et.al, 2007 ) . â€Å" Ethical motives as the moral rules, norms or criterions of behavior that guide moral picks about our behavior and our relationship with others † ( Blumberg et al, 2005: cited in Saunders et.al, 2007 ) . During informations aggregation devising certain the information that has been collected is accurate and which is helpful to associate with the research inquiry and should avoid all the s ubjective selectivity on what is traveling to be recorded. Taking great attention and keeping confidentiality and namelessness are of import in deriving entree to administrations information ( Easterby-Smith et. Al, 2009 ) . Any suggestion and incorrect reading made on the footing of utilizing company informations, could take to large legal job. Therefore under the subdivision 2 ( B ) 1998 Data protection Act, it is vitally of import that all informations be treated sensitively and confidentially ( OPSI, 1988 ) . All the information will be used what ‘s available and has been used to do primary research for to make full the spread in the literature but this will be done by being just to the companies and following their policies. Not merely the information that has been collected is of import but procuring the information is besides of import, any escape in informations can convey the individual or society into problem Pr into legal jobs. Harmonizing to the UK statute law, thi s refers to the commissariats of informations Protection Act, 1998. This allows protecting your informations of your research lawfully in the state you live in ( The stationary office, 1998: cited in Saunders et.al, 2007 ) .Identify what ethical or legal concerns that there may be with the undertaking – be precise and elaborate.Preservation of Confidentiality and AnonymityAs per the research it is required to roll up the information from assorted administrations and to maintain the information secure for that confidentiality signifier will be signed between the research worker and the member of the administration. Confidentiality signifier will besides be signed between the research worker and the administration. All the informations will be kept safely.Informed ConsentDuring roll uping the informations the directors of retail administration and parent administration will be informed that the information they are giving will non be shared by any others individual or the admin istration and it will merely used for the research. The names of the director and the administration will be kept confidentially under the Data protection Act 1998 ( Saunders et al. , 2007 ) .Potential Good or Harm Caused by the ResearchDesignation of barriers in the research conducted can supply utile information for product-service administrations on developing their external and internal supply concatenation integrating particularly between the retail and parent administration.Ethical Guidelines in the FieldPlease mention Section 1 of Ethical and legal concern.Processing and Storage of DatasThe information collected in the research will be treated discreetly and utilized with regard to the Data Protection Act 1998 ( OPSI, 1998 ) . All informations in paper or electronic format will be stored safely and upon completion of the research undertaking informations will be destroyed wholly. The deadline for the proposal is on the 24th of May 2010. Further work will be pending one time the consequences came out which will take about 4 hebdomads that will take it to 24th of June. Following the consequences and after the allotment of supervisor 2 hebdomads will be given to do the necessary alterations to the proposal and get down initial research. There has been non allocated a batch of clip due to assorted grounds for the research. First, the research can non be start because of the other faculties which will be finish on 5th of July 2010 ; it will be difficult to give clip wholly to research during this period. Secondly research will hold to be done under an allocated supervisor and communicate and handiness of the supervisor will hold to be considered. Once the proposal has been passed by allocated supervisor, the aggregation of the secondary informations which includes the background and literature survey such as articles, diaries and information will be carried out ti ll 12th of July. Time is a large factor here hence research clip has been estimated to be approximately 4 hebdomads which is allocated to roll up the primary informations through interviews for administration and to analyze it. From the 2nd hebdomad of July, following undertaking will be done by going to India to roll up the information required to finish the research. Final two hebdomads from the 2nd hebdomad to the 3rd hebdomad of August will be given for reappraisal of the research and findings and associate it to the literature available it and composing the thesis. In add-on research worker will be confer withing with the allocated supervisor through regular meetings and treatment. The last hebdomad of August will be allocated to completion and concluding reappraisal of the thesis to guarantee that it is presented good.MentionsAraujo, L. and Spring, M. 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( 1990 ) , â€Å" Market orientation: the concept, research propositions and managerial deductions † , Journal of Marketing, Volume 54, Number 2, pp 1-18.Martinez, V. , Bastl, M. , Kingston, J. , and Evans, S. ( 2009 ) , â€Å" Challenges in transforming fabrication administrations into product-service suppliers † , Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, Volume 21, Number 4, pp 449-469.Mentzer, J.T. , DeWitt, W. , Keebler, J.S. , Min, S. , Nix, N.W. , Smith, C.D. , Zacharia, Z.G. ( 2001 ) â€Å" What is supply concatenation direction? † Supply Chain Management, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp 5-62.Miller, D. , Hope, Q. , Eisengstat, R. , Foote, N. and Galbraith, J. ( 2002 ) , â€Å" The job of solutions: reconciliation clients and capablenesss † , Business Horizons, Volume 45, Number 2, pp 3-12.OECD ( 2007 ) , Staying Competitive in the Global Economy: Traveling up the Value Chain, OECD Paris.Oliva, R. and Kallenberg, R. ( 2003 ) , â€Å" Pull offing the passage from merchandises to services † , International Journal of Service Industry Management, Volume 14, Number 2, pp 160-72.Pagell, M. ( 2004 ) , â€Å" Understanding the factors that enable and suppress the integrating of operations, buying and logistics † , Journal of Operations Management, Volume 22, Number 5, pp 459-87.Porter, M. and Ketels, C. ( 2003 ) , UK Comp etitiveness: Traveling to the Following Stage, Department of Trade and Industry, London.Quinn, J.B. , Doorley, T.L. and Paquette, P.C. ( 1990 ) , â€Å" Beyond merchandises: service-based schemes † , Harvard Business Review, March-April.Reinartz, W. and Ulaga, W. ( 2008 ) , â€Å" How to sell service more productively † , Harvard Business Review, Volume 86, Number 5, pp 90-96.Richey, G. R. , Chen, H. , Upreti, R. Fawcett, S.E. , and Adams, F.G. 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In the gutter and other good essays

In the gutter and other good essays In the gutter and other good places The award winning film documentary In the gutter and other good places by Christine Richey is a multi-spectral view of three Calgary dumpster diving bottle pickers. The film traverses the ordinarily drawn stereotype of the homeless pickers of Calgary, and provides another compassionate standpoint on the choices and circumstances that have embodied their current predicament. Richey selects three very different street people for her story all with their unique backgrounds. Challenging assumptions about street people and their image to society, we are introduced first of all to Ron who has a masters degree in engineering sciences and was an senior employee for Gulf Oil earning $33,000 until alcoholism caused him to resign, we are then introduced to Colin a highly educated 22 year old man with a Russian accent. Collin himself has made the choice to be a bottle picker because of a combination of his mothers death and his views towards society. Upon his mothers passing Colin received $90,000 in inheritance and was to pursue an interest in electrical engineering, however Colin refuses to touch a dime out of his account stating harrowely that this is the way lives and is the way he wants to live What do I want? I would like to get myself out of the financial sector... maybe all the way into the financial gutter and Garbage its the number one industry in Nor th America and Im in the number one business. Finally we have jean who returned home one night as a married man to find that his wife had abandoned him and taken his two young children this led Jean to alcohol and nearly twenty years later on the street as an older bottle picker with kidney and liver problems. In summation, Richey sought to educate the Canadian populous of the backgrounds of the bottle pickers to show that they are not static shells that they have substance and a ...

Lennie and George in Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay Essays

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The spread itself is a microcosm of the life for migratory workers in that clip. their insecurities are shown through the characters such as Curley. Candy. Curley’s married woman and besides the life of Black people through Crooks. All the characters are lonely except for Lennie and George who have each other and this is shown through their hopes and dreams. Lennie and Georges history together opens up when George negotiations to Reduce a character that everyone respects. even Curley. George openly speaks to Reduce about the incident when George tells Lennie to leap into the river jestingly. but to everyone’s surprise Lennie leaps in without oppugning George non gaining he can non swim and about drowns if George didn’t deliverance him. even so Lennie thanks George for salvaging him even though it was George who told him to make it in the first topographic point. At this point George’s fright is shown at Leannie’s inability to grok logical and unlogical things. George realises at that minute that if he is non careful Lennie could make the incorrect thing once more. George’s other frights are besides shown in the incident at weed. while speaking about it to reduce he describes Lennie being ‘slow’ as he likes to touch everything he likes. merely wants to experience it. So he reaches to experience a misss ruddy frock and the miss shriek. Lennie gets scared all he can believe to make is keep on and that George had to hit him with a fencing lookout to do him allow travel. Again Lennie’s strength becomes an issue and the author about announcing the hereafter. George is afraid of Lennie non understanding right from incorrect and his strength panics George doing him believe that he might to what he did at weed once more. Lennie is shown to be a kid in a adult males organic structure. throughout the book he wants to be told their dream about like a bed clip narrative and doesn’t feel closing until he has been told it. And once more like a kid he likes soft and fury things associating to the ground why he likes to touch frocks. Lennie’s greatest fright of the all is that he won’t be able to be given the coneies if he did something wrong like the incident at weed once more. he is besides afraid of his ain strength and non being able to allow travel. Lennie and George’s dream of holding a topographic point of their ain ‘living of the fat of the land’ and Lennie and his lucerne spot and be givening the coneies. keep’s them traveling and trusting that they won’t have to worry about Lennie making the incorrect things once more. and George being able to make what he wants make and non believe about what will go on to Lennie. Their dreams create hope for other characters like Candy and Crooks even for a short piece. On the face of it. it appears that Lennie. because of his mental immatureness. is wholly reliant upon George for his endurance and for obtaining work at assorted spreads. Equally of import nevertheless. is the extent to which George relies on Lennie for company in the by and large unfriendly and alone environment of the migratory laborer. As George admits to Reduce when discoursing himself and Lennie ‘it’s a batch nicer to travel around with a cat you know’ . It can be seen ; therefore that George might non be with Lennie strictly out of a sense of commiseration or responsibility to Lennie’s aunt Clara. From the start of the fresh Steinbeck raises the inquiries in the heads of the reader about why these characters should be involved in such an improbable partnership: George is short of stature. intelligent and undertakings assurance. Lennie on the other manus. is a giant of a adult male. heavy in his pace and his head of a immature kid. The class of events that unfold are tragic. most of it starts with Curley and his insecurity about his tallness and his ever willing to pick a battle with bigger work forces to turn out he is non weak. Steinbeck calls him ciphering and hard-bitten and gives him reptilian animate being like qualities stand foring his behavior to a crocodile while Lennie is shown to hold bear and Equus caballus like qualities compared to animate beings with admirable traits. Ch 3 Begins when Curley flops in looking for Slim who he thinks is with his married woman. When Slim re-enters the room stating Curley that he’s sick of Curley inquiring him about his married woman. Curley can’t battle with Slim so he moves to Carlson who warns him non to pick a battle with him. as they all join in Curley feels defenceless and so turns on to Lennie given any alibi to contend with him. As Curley begins to contend him. Lennie gives out a call of panic and turns to George for aid as he was excessively frightened to support himself. George instantly gets onto his pess shouting ‘Give it to him Lennie. don’t Lashkar-e-Taiba him make it’ . George was afraid of Lennie’s strength but he wouldn’t allow Lennie travel down like that he was protective over him. As Curley goes for another blow to the blood covered face. Lennie grabs his fist. Curley is described to be flopping as a fish. Then merely like in weed Lennie held on to the closed fist being crushed by Lennie’s manus. It took both George and Slim to do Lennie allow travel. Curley was warned non to state a word about what happened. After this Curley’s married woman became really interested in what happened really happened to Curley’s manus but cipher spoke to her. When Lennie kills the whelp in the barn. while inquiring what to make Curley’s married woman comes in. even though he shouldn’t talk to her he does. she tells him how she is lonely and merely wants person to speak excessively. besides how unhappy she is in her matrimony to Curley. this is the lone point in the novel where her narrative comes out. how she was neer loved at place. how she married Curley to acquire off from her life. her dreams of going celebrated in films. As Lennie feels her hair blowholes repeat themselves he can’t allow travel and in her battle to acquire free and Lennie’s fear that she will name George he breaks her cervix in effort to hush her once more his inability to command his strength has taken a bend for the worst. He realises what he has done and remembers that if he did anything bad George said to travel to the coppice where he’d happen him at that place. so Lennie rapidly and softly leaves. Candy is the first to happen her in the barn and gets George who knows immediately what has happened he tells confect to allow him travel to the bunk house first so tell the remainder of them so he doesn’t expression involved. There dream is destroyed and candy incriminations Curley’s married woman. when he tells the remainder of them Curley shows no mark of compunction all he can make is believe about acquiring Lennie back. As they all take off to happen Lennie. George manages to happen him foremost by the lake ; even now he is still afraid he won’t be able to be given the coneies. George knows that there is no manner out for them. cognizing Curley he would merely desire to kill him he wouldn’t put him in gaol. and if he let him travel the Lennie couldn’t expression after himself he would decease without nutrient. shelter and person to look after him. George knew that he would hold to kill him when he found Lennie. Just like Candy’s Canis familiaris to set him out of his wretchedness for the interest of Lennie. Besides he couldn’t allow person else do it he told Lennie about their dream one last clip as he told it he softly put the gun to the dorsum of Lennie’s caput without him gaining and changeable him. it was a understanding putting to death. At the terminal it is Slim who comforts him in stating George that he had to make it. Bibliography: Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck

Get the Facts About the Element Antimony

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Newspaper Articles Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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The Acquisition of English Simple Past Tense Essay

The Acquisition of English Simple Past Tense - Essay Example And every ethnic Spanish or Chinese citizen of USA (or any other citizen of the country, for that matter) is expected to have a good knowledge and understanding of the English language. They try to learn the English language, some of them, late in their lives, if they have come to the USA, late in their lives, and that is not an easy task. In fact learning any second language late in life is not at all an easy task for anyone, mostly because the grammar and structure of each language is unique in some respect or other and the difficulty of mastering a language increases in direct proportion to the age of the learner.Chinese is equally a widely spoken language, with considerably more than a billion people being very proficient in that language. (howardcc.edu, http://www.howardcc.edu./edu/kids languages. html, retrieved August 27, 2006.) And Spanish does not lag far behind, with 410 million people claiming the language as their first language. (howardcc.edu.). We analyse in this paper some aspects of language acquisition by considering the pattern of ‘simple past tense’ in Chinese, Spanish and in English. All languages have a system of grammar which is a body of rules specifying what sequences of sounds or words are correct in forming sentences while speaking or writing in a particular language. Many grammar books exist in almost all languages dealing with rules for speaking or writing the particular language concerned, or a particular analysis of the rules of the language. An early English language grammar published in the USA was in 1831 written by Noah Webster, entitled ‘An Improved Grammar of the English Language’, which may be consulted now in the libraries of the British Museum in London, and of American Universities like Harvard and Michigan. (http://www.netstate.com/states/people/ct_nw.htm Corpora and Childes It was stated above that there are difficulties in acquiring the knowledge and use of a second language. To investigate the possible minimisation of that difficulty, a thorough search was made of the ‘corpora’ and ‘childes’ web sites in the internet. The word ‘corpora’ literarily is the plural of the word ‘corpus’, which means â€Å"a body, living or dead; the corporeal substance of a thing†. In the study of language acquisition, corpora are a technique often used by linguists as the raw material from which language description may be fashioned. Corpora can provide the basis of empirically justified, linguistic observations on which to base CALL (Computer-assisted language learning) materials. Additionally, the corpora themselves may become the raw material of CALL based

Electronic commerce as the concept of marketing Essay

Electronic commerce as the concept of marketing - Essay Example Electronic commerce as the concept of marketing Information technology plays an important role in the development and growth of industries of any economy.. Incorporation of information technologies has changed the business process of all the industries whether they are small-scale or large scale. It has entirely changed the aspects of market competitiveness in terms of products and processes. The amalgamation of information technology into business sector recompenses for size and distance and enables companies to expand and to work in a global market. Using new innovative tools and techniques of information distribution, they can no longer be isolated from international market. Such technologies includes electronic/video conferencing, mailing, tele-conferencing, electronic commerce, electronic networking etc. Internet is pool that can be used to access any kind of information without compensating on quality, legal and regulatory requirements, fiscal regulations and opportunities. It becomes very simple and easy to attain, collect any kind of information on technologies and markets with the use of various networking components. The acquired information can be used as a source of analysis to increase the productivity, profit and market share of the enterprise. The information is accessible with in a few seconds.Evolution in the world of computing and in the era of communications takes the form of global information networking. The net result of this innovation is that it decreases the cost, the time for collection the required valuable information no matter how far that information is. Along with this, the ability to collect, analyze and the frequency of transmission of data has enhanced extremely. Local knowledge can be assimilated, distributed among economic agents and then can be merged with global knowledge to give the valuable piece of information. The net effect of all these activities and use of communications technology has drastically decreased the transaction costs; expedite the triumph of scope with the familiar rapid and continuous customization. Such transmissions undermine authoritative controls since the hoarding of information is no longer possible. For all the Internet's promise as the consummate commercial marketing vehicle many companies are skeptical of their ability to accurately judge the return on their cyberspace investment. The development of internet-based technologies opens endless opportunities for Marketers. Drawing coop concentration to the ethical facet of the use of web-based technologies in the area of business might comprise of differentiating force for proactive firms. So, eCommerce is everywhere whether it is e Mail and messaging or shopping cart or order processing system or domestic or international payment systems. But in this rapidly changing environment of e business, business executives need to react immediately and sufficiently by converting their traditional business strategies to e-commerce processes. In doing so, they must assess opportunitie s and threats by examining closely the economic, demographic, political, cultural and technological factors that affect businesses trading online. Economic Factors With the emergence of whole world as global market, the significance of e

The Acquisition of English Simple Past Tense Essay

The Acquisition of English Simple Past Tense - Essay Example And every ethnic Spanish or Chinese citizen of USA (or any other citizen of the country, for that matter) is expected to have a good knowledge and understanding of the English language. They try to learn the English language, some of them, late in their lives, if they have come to the USA, late in their lives, and that is not an easy task. In fact learning any second language late in life is not at all an easy task for anyone, mostly because the grammar and structure of each language is unique in some respect or other and the difficulty of mastering a language increases in direct proportion to the age of the learner.Chinese is equally a widely spoken language, with considerably more than a billion people being very proficient in that language. (howardcc.edu, http://www.howardcc.edu./edu/kids languages. html, retrieved August 27, 2006.) And Spanish does not lag far behind, with 410 million people claiming the language as their first language. (howardcc.edu.). We analyse in this paper some aspects of language acquisition by considering the pattern of ‘simple past tense’ in Chinese, Spanish and in English. All languages have a system of grammar which is a body of rules specifying what sequences of sounds or words are correct in forming sentences while speaking or writing in a particular language. Many grammar books exist in almost all languages dealing with rules for speaking or writing the particular language concerned, or a particular analysis of the rules of the language. An early English language grammar published in the USA was in 1831 written by Noah Webster, entitled ‘An Improved Grammar of the English Language’, which may be consulted now in the libraries of the British Museum in London, and of American Universities like Harvard and Michigan. (http://www.netstate.com/states/people/ct_nw.htm Corpora and Childes It was stated above that there are difficulties in acquiring the knowledge and use of a second language. To investigate the possible minimisation of that difficulty, a thorough search was made of the ‘corpora’ and ‘childes’ web sites in the internet. The word ‘corpora’ literarily is the plural of the word ‘corpus’, which means â€Å"a body, living or dead; the corporeal substance of a thing†. In the study of language acquisition, corpora are a technique often used by linguists as the raw material from which language description may be fashioned. Corpora can provide the basis of empirically justified, linguistic observations on which to base CALL (Computer-assisted language learning) materials. Additionally, the corpora themselves may become the raw material of CALL based

Relationships between African Americans and Latinos in the Church of Essay

Relationships between African Americans and Latinos in the Church of Christ - Essay Example How important is a religion to you? Very Important Important Marginally Important Not Important Irrelevant Very Irrelevant How important is religion in your family? Very Important Important Marginally Important Not Important Irrelevant Very Irrelevant How important is religion in social life? Very Important Important Marginally Important Not Important Irrelevant Very Irrelevant Cultural Aspects How much is culture related to religion? Very Important Important Marginally Important Not Important Irrelevant Very Irrelevant How much is religion related to culture? Very Important Important Marginally Important Not Important Irrelevant Very Irrelevant Which is more important to you? Culture Religion How important is the ethnic difference in the context of religion? Very Important Important Marginally Important Not Important Irrelevant Very Irrelevant What is the influence of cross cultural communities on religion? (King, 18) Very Important Important Marginally Important Not Important Irrelevant Very Irrelevant How do you assess the influence of religion in promoting leadership qualities for acculturation? Very Important Important Marginally Important Not Important Irrelevant Very Irrelevant How much can the cross culture problems be overcome by the influence of church? Very Important Important Marginally Important Not Important Irrelevant Very Irrelevant How much is the influence of the church in the context of language? Very Important Important Marginally Important Not Important Irrelevant Very Irrelevant

Police Officer Job Description Essay Example for Free

Police Officer Job Description Essay All police officers take on a basic range of tasks that are either preventive or proactive. Preventive tasks include the provision of protection to the person and property of individuals, preservation of peace and order through their presence and accessibility, and prevention of crime by patrolling the streets. Proactive tasks are searching and arresting criminal offenders and enforcing laws such as traffic and road safety regulations. (Criminal Justice USA, 2008; Los Angeles Police Department, 2008) These tasks require a number of qualifying criteria for police officers. One is physical fitness since the completion of police work becomes more efficient with physically fit police officers. This is the reason why police officers undergo physical training such as the physical agility test and medical examination before qualifying to work the job. Another is psychological fitness since police officers need to develop the values and attitude needed for them to use their authority within the bounds of the law as law enforcers such as social skills. Last is mental and other skills and experience, including driving skills for street patrol, keen eyesight and observation skills, and basic knowledge of the law and legal processes. (Police Oracle, 2008) At a minimum, a high school diploma or equivalent qualification is required for police officers (Criminal Justice USA, 2008). In addition, continued academic and field learning improves the ability of police officers to meet their job. As such, police officers need to develop commitment and dedication to their job since this not only enables them to perform their work effectively but also enhances continued efficiency. In the performance of this range of tasks, police officers take on line and staff jobs. Line jobs pertain to the direct accomplishment of the tasks of police officers especially field work while staff jobs pertain to support for line work such as administrative and other support tasks (Police Oracle, 2008). Police officers need to master not only line jobs but also staff jobs to support and maintain the sound organizational or functional structure of the law enforcement agency inn providing public service.

The Human Genome Project Essay -- Genetics Science Technology Papers

The Human Genome Project Almost every aspect that makes a person unique is due to genetic factors, from the color of an individual's eyes to the functions of white blood cells. The one thing that makes an individual's unique characteristics the hardest to understand is the fact that it is all composed of four bases in different patterns. These patterns of adenine, thiamine, guanine and cytosine are the only things that differ one human from the next. This genetic code is contained in every cell that is found in the human body. Gregor Mendel first discovered the foundations of inheritance in the nineteenth century. His discovery was the basis that has now made it possible for humans to learn more about the genetic code. Mendel's discovery has now turned in to a multi-billion dollar project. This project is known as the Human Genome Project (HGP). Brief History The HGP began as a joint effort between the Department of Energy (DOE) and the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH). The Department of Energy's initial reason for entering the project was to was to gain a better understanding of the potential health risks that were involved in energy use and the production of energy, especially the risks involved with radiation. Two years after the DOE proposed the idea of sequencing the entire human genome the NIH joined in the effort. The foundations of the project were laid and two years later, in 1990, the project was begun. The project was originally laid out to be a fifteen-year program that would have a budget estimated at three billion dollars (1). The DOE and the NIH established five major goals for the HGP. The first goal is to identify all of the genes in human DNA. This goal is phenomenal when it is co... ...GR Announce Formation of New Genomics Company." Obtained from the WWW: http://www.tigr.org/new/press_release_may98.html 6) Website #6: Human Genome Project Information. "Facts About Genome Sequencing." Obtained from the WWW: http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis/faq/seqfacts.html 7) Website #7: "Tools of the Trade." Obtained from the WWW: http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis/publicat/tko/05_tools.html 8) Website #8: "Exploring the Genomic Landscape." Obtained from the WWW: http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis/publicat/tko/04_exploring.html 9) Website #9: DOE Human Genome Program Report. "Capillary Array Electrophoresis." Obtained from the WWW: http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/publicat/97pr/04g_sequ.html 10) Karanjawala, Zarir E. "Genetics in the Context of Medical Practice." The Journal of the American Medical Association. Nov. 4 1998, v280n17, p1533. Student Essay List

Chocolate Chip Cookies :: essays research papers

Chocolate Chip Cookies Roy McKenzie L.A. 6 ° February 26 1997   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whoever in here likes chocolate chip cookies STAND UP! Well, I like them too.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story of the Chocolate chip cookie is really an interesting one. In fact, did you know that the invention itself was really an accident? Nope, well, I didn't think so. Let me tell you a little about it. Have you ever wondered how the chocolate chip cookie came to be? Have you ever wondered who brought this American tradition into our homes? Do you know how they became so popular?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Well, it all started one day with a young lady named Ruth Wakefield. One day she was making some cookies for her guests. They were called Butter Drop Do's. This cookie required semisweet chocolate pieces to be melted in the batter. Well she was in a hurry, she had beds to make and drapes to clean so, instead of melting the chocolate pieces in the batter she just chopped them up in the batter, thinking they would melt during the cooking process. To her surprise they stayed very much intact See what happens when you do not follow the directions?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Well, never the less everyone at the Toll House Inn simply loved them. In fact, they became so popular the recipe was published in the Boston Newspaper. The recipe was named the Toll House Cookie. One day Nestlà © was going over their reports and they found that sales for chocolate bars rose rapidly in the Boston area. This was because the chocolate bars were the primary ingredient in the Toll House Cookies. When Nestlà © found out what was up they started making their chocolate bars with score lines on them for easier breaking. This was ok but still not easy enough. So to solve this problem they made morsels (miniature chocolate kisses)and bought the Toll House name. With that they called them Nestlà © Toll House Morsels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Did you also know that the chocolate chip cookie is the most popular cookie in America? The Toll House produces thirty-three thousand cookies each

Compensation and Benefits

Compensation and benefits From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Compensation & Benefits) Jump to: navigation, search Compensation and benefits (abbreviated â€Å"C&B†) is a sub-discipline of human resources, focused on employee compensation and benefits policy-making. It is also known in the UK as â€Å"total reward† and as â€Å"remuneration† in Australia and New Zealand.Contents[hide] * 1 The basic components of employee compensation and benefits * 2 Variable pay * 3 Benefits * 4 Equity-based compensation * 5 Organizational place * 6 Main influencers * 7 Bonus plans| [edit] The basic components of employee compensation and benefits Employee compensation and benefits are basically divided into four categories: 1. Guaranteed pay – monetary (cash) reward paid by an employer to an employee based on employee/employer relations. The most common form of guaranteed pay is the basic salary. . Variable pay – monetary (cash) reward paid by a n employer to an employee that is contingent on discretion, performance or results achieved. The most common forms are bonuses and sales incentives. 3. Benefits – programs an employer uses to supplement employees’ compensation, such as paid time-off, medical insurance, company car, and more. 4. Equity-based compensation – a plan using the employer’s share as compensation. The most common examples are stock options. Guaranteed pay Guaranteed pay is a monetary (cash) reward.The basic element of the guaranteed pay is the base salary, paid based on an hourly, daily, weekly, bi-weekly or a monthly rate. The base salary is typically used by employees for ongoing consumption. Many countries dictate the minimum base salary defining a minimum wage. Individual skills and level of experience of employees leave room for differentiation of income-levels within the job-based pay structure. In addition to base salary, there are other pay elements which are paid based so lely on employee/employer relations, such salary and seniority allowance. edit] Variable pay Variable pay is a monetary (cash) reward that is contingent on discretion, performance or results achieved. There are different types of variable pay plans, such as bonus schemes, sales incentives (commission), overtime pay, and more. An example where this type of compensation plan is prevalent is the real estate industry and real estate agents. A common variable pay plan might be the sales person receives 50% of every dollar they bring in up to a level of revenue at which they then bump up to 85% for every dollar they bring in going forward.Typically, this type of plan is based on an annual period of time requiring a â€Å"resetting† each year back to the starting point of 50%. Sometimes this type of plan is administered so that the sales person never resets and never falls down to a lower level. It also includes Performance Linked Incentive whcih is variable and may range from 130% to 0% as per performance of the indiviudal as per his KRA. [edit] Benefits There is a wide variety of employee benefits, such as paid time-off, insurances (life insurance, medical/dental insurance, and work disability insurance), pension plan, company car, and more.A benefit plan is designed to address a specific need and is often provided not in the form of cash. Many countries dictate different minimum benefits, such as minimum paid time-off, employer’s pension contribution, sick pay, and more. [edit] Equity-based compensation Equity based compensation is an employer compensation plan using the employer’s shares as employee compensation. The most common form is stock options, yet employers use additional vehicles such as restricted stock, restricted stock units (RSU), employee stock purchase plan (ESPP), and stock appreciation rights (SAR).The classic objectives of equity based compensation plans are retention, attraction of new hires and aligning employees’ a nd shareholders’ interests. [edit] Organizational place In most companies, compensation & benefits (C&B) is a sub-function of the human-resources function. HR organizations in big companies are typically divided into three: HR business partners (HRBPs), HR centers of excellence, and HR shared services. C&B is an HR center of excellence, like staffing and organizational development (OD). [edit] Main influencersEmployee compensation and benefits main influencers can be divided into two: internal (company) and external influencers. The most important internal influencers are the business objectives, labor unions, internal equity (the idea of compensating employees in similar jobs and similar performance in a similar way), organizational culture and organizational structure. The most important external influencers are the state of the economy, inflation, unemployment rate, the relevant labor market, labor law, tax law, and the relevant industry habits and trends. edit] Bonus plan s Bonus plans are variable pay plans. They have three classic objectives: 1. Adjust labor cost to financial results – the basic idea is to create a bonus plan where the company is paying more bonuses in ‘good times’ and less (or no) bonuses in ‘bad times’. By having bonus plan budget adjusted according to financial results, the company’s labor cost is automatically reduced when the company isn’t doing so well, while good company performance drives higher bonuses to employees. . Drive employee performance – the basic idea is that if an employee knows that his/her bonus depend on the occurrence of a specific event (or paid according to performance, or if a certain goal is achieved), then the employee will do whatever he/she can to secure this event (or improve their performance, or achieve the desired goal). In other words, the bonus is creating an incentive to improve business performance (as defined through the bonus plan). 3.Emp loyee retention – retention is not a primary objective of bonus plans, yet bonuses are thought to bring value with employee retention as well, for three reasons: a) a well designed bonus plan is paying more money to better performers; a competitor offering a competing job-offer to these top performers is likely to face a higher hurdle, given that these employees are already paid higher due to the bonus plan. b) if the bonus is paid annually, employee is less inclined to leave the company before bonus payout; often the reason for leaving (e. g. dispute with the manager, competing job offer) ‘goes away' by the time the bonus is paid. he bonus plan ‘buy' more time for the company to retain the employee. c) employees paid more are more satisfied with their job (all other things being equal) thus less inclined to leave their employer. The concept saying bonus plans can improve employee performance is based on the work of Frederic Skinner, perhaps the most influential p sychologist of the 20th century. Using the concept of Operant Conditioning, Skinner claimed that an organism (animal, human being) is shaping his/her voluntary behavior based on its extrinsic environmental consequences – i. . reinforcement or punishment. This concept captured the heart of many, and indeed most bonus plans nowadays are designed according to it, yet since the late 1940s a growing body of empirical evidence suggested that these if-then rewards do not work in a variety of settings common to the modern workplace. Research even suggested that these type of bonus plans have the potential of damaging employee performance. Retrieved from â€Å"http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Compensation_and_benefits&oldid=478107814† View page ratingsRate this page Rate this page Page ratings What's this? Current average ratings. Trustworthy Objective Complete Well-written I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional) I have a relevant college/university d egree It is part of my profession It is a deep personal passion The source of my knowledge is not listed here I would like to help improve Wikipedia, send me an e-mail (optional) We will send you a confirmation e-mail. We will not share your e-mail address with outside parties as per our feedback privacy statement. Submit ratingsSaved successfully Your ratings have not been submitted yet Your ratings have expired Please reevaluate this page and submit new ratings. An error has occurred. Please try again later. Thanks! Your ratings have been saved. Please take a moment to complete a short survey. Start surveyMaybe later Thanks! Your ratings have been saved. Do you want to create an account? An account will help you track your edits, get involved in discussions, and be a part of the community. Create an accountorLog inMaybe later Thanks! Your ratings have been saved.Did you know that you can edit this page? Edit this pageMaybe later Categories: * Human resource management * Employment compensation Personal tools * Log in / create account Namespaces * Article * Talk Variants Views * Read * Edit * View history Actions Search ————————————————- Top of Form Bottom of Form Navigation * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article * Donate to Wikipedia Interaction * Help * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia Toolbox What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Permanent link * Cite this page * Rate this page Print/export * Create a book * Download as PDF * Printable version * This page was last modified on 21 February 2012 at 18:25. * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. 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Psychodynamic Theory and Person Centerd Counselling Essay

Counselling takes place when a counsellor sees a client in a private and confidential setting to explore a difficulty a client is having, distress they may be experiencing or perhaps their dissatisfaction with life, or loss of a sense of direction and purpose. It is always at the request of the client as no one can properly be ‘sent’ for counselling. (Counselling central) By listening the counsellor can begin to perceive the difficulties from the client’s point of view and can help them to see things more clearly, possibly from a different perspective. Counselling is a way of enabling choice or change or of reducing confusion. It does not involve giving advice or directing a client to take a particular course of action. Counsellors do not judge or exploit their clients in any way. ’(Counselling central). The two main therpaies within counselling that I will focus on comparing on contrasting are person centerd counselling. PCT is a form of talk-psychotherapy  developed by  psychologist  Carl Rogers  in the 1940s and 1950s. The goal of PCT is to provide clients with an opportunity to develop a sense of self wherein they can realize how their attitudes, feelings and behavior are being negatively affected and make an effort to find their true positive potential  In this technique, therapists create a comfortable, non-judgmental  environment  by demonstrating  congruence  (genuineness),  empathy, and unconditional positive regard toward their clients while using a non-directive approach. This aids clients in finding their own solutions to their problems. Secondly Psychoanalysis  is a  psychological  and  psychotherapeutic  theory conceived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis has expanded, been criticized and developed in different directions, mostly by some of Freud’s colleagues and students, such as  Alfred Adler,  Carl Gustav Jung  and  Wilhelm Reich, and later by neo-Freudians such as  Erich Fromm,  Karen Horney,  Harry Stack Sullivan  and  Jacques Lacan. The basic tenets of psychoanalytic therapy include the following beside the inherited constitution of personality, a person’s development is determined by events in early childhood, human behaviour, experience, and cognition are largely determined by irrational drives, those drives are said to be largely  unconscious. This main aim of this assignment will be taking both person centred and psychoanalytic therapy and critically comparing them I will do this by giving an overview of the two therapies how they were developed, the principles they lie upon, what their relationships are based on. We will then look at how they are similar and also how they differ by looking at the skills used and how they work as therapies to come to both do the same thing which is to help a client overcome an issue in their life. Person centred therapy is based on the idea that humans have a drive to grow towards their potential and will act with the best interest to themselves, if they are provided the right atmosphere (Mcleod,2008). The direction of therapy is guided by the client with the support of the therapist. The client is always the expert on themselves if they are provided with the right atmosphere for self-actualisation to occur. The central component being the client knows best the client knows where it hurts the most. The counsellors main motive is to relate to the client in such a way that he or she can find there sense of self direction. Carl Rodgers was the founder of person centred therapy. The development stemmed from Rodgers experiences of being a client and working as a counsellor (casemore) Rodgers didn’t like the view of behaviourist that humans were organisms that react to stimuli and developed habits from learned experiences. Therefor in his work as a counsellor became increasingly uncomfortable with being â€Å"the expert† so began to develop a different view of what clients needed to experience in counselling, empathy congruence and unconditional positive regard. Rodgers proposed that human beings were always in the process of becoming rather than being in a fixed state. As humans we have the captivity to develop in a basically positive direction given the right conditions. That’s not to say that he thought people are not sometimes cruel or hurtful but every person has the tendencies towords strong positive direction. Rodgers proposed that when the conditions were growth promoting an individual could develop into a fully functioning person. Rodgers described his approach as a basic philosophy rather than a simple technique which empowers the individual and leads to personal and social transformation, grounded in empathic understanding being non-judgemental and congruent. For this reason the person centred approach is often seen as touchy feel relation and seen as soft skilled that lacks structure, sometimes said as a way of preparing the road for real therapy. However it does have a clear theory of self, the creation of distrees and the tehraputic process. It’s aims are transformational and asks the counsellor to be a human and transparent â€Å"be real†(langridge). Freud is regarded as the founder of modern psychology, developing psychoanalysis. The therapy is based on the idea that a great deal of the individual behavior are not within conscious control. Therefor the main emphasis is to help the client get to the deep root of the problem often thought, to stem from childhood. Based on the principle that childhood experiences effect our behavior as adults and effect out thinking processe, Freud belived that these thoughts and feelings can become repressed and may manifest themselves as depression or other negative symptoms. The client is able to reveal unconscious thought by talking freely aboput thought that enter their mind the analysis will attempt to interpratate and make sence of the clients experiances. Deeply burtied experiances are expressed and the opportunity to share tehase thoughts and feelings can help the client work through thease problems. Clients are asked to try and transfer thougts and feelings they have towords people in their life on the analyst this process is called transfernace the success depends on how the analysats and client work together. Psychoanalysis can be life changing if successful howver around 7 years of therpay is needed to discover the full unconcious mind . regular sessions provide a setting to explore there thoughts and make sence of them. Psychoanalytic therapy is based on freuds work of pychoanalysis but less intensive it is found to be bennaficial for clients who want to understand more about tehmselves and useful to people who feel tehir problems have affcted them for a long period of time and need reliving of emotional disstress. Through deep exploration client and therapist try to understand the inner life of the client. Uncovering the uncocncious needs and thoughts may help the client understand how their past experiances affect their life today. It can also help them to work out how they can live a more fulfilling life. Person centred counselling and psychoanalytic therapy are both off springs of two great minded people Sigmund Freud and carl Rodgers the originators of these two approaches. Freud based his framework on his medical background , Rodgers was influenced by excistential phillosphy were the person is there central role in their growth and change. Some similarities can be drawn from a comparison betwewen the two models they both want to widen the concioussness but this is done in different means. Psychonalsis aims to make the unconscious conscious and by doing this helps the person gain controle over their thought and feelings. And the person cneterd approach helps the client to overcome a state of incongruence whilst psychoanalytic objective is two seek the repressed childhood experiances. The person centerd works through the concioussness by focusing on the here and now. Kahn (1985) compares the term incongruence with psychoanalytic defence mechanism repression. To him both are the same thing but different versions. Both prevent the person from being aware of his their own feelings the onluy diffrnece being that Rodgers belives by imputing the core conditions of Two persons are in Psychological contact, The first, whom we shall term the client, is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable or anxious,The second person, whom we shall term the therapist is congruence or integrated in the relationship,The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for the client. The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the clients internal frame of reference and endeavours to communicate this experience to the client. The communication to the client of the therapist’s empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved. Then if thease are imputed incongruence will be shifted and psychoanalytic belive through interpretation of childhoon events repression can be acchived. Both psychoanalytic and person centred involve empathy that is applied to client and therapist, enabling the client to gain new understanding and move away from distress and towards harmony with self and others. Therefor potentially both try to increase insight and strength towards the self. Other areas that overlap are also evident simple areas such as setting bounderies, along with assessment for therapy. From the first minuite of contact both persons become aware of their own and others aims, values and lifestyle by empathic attending. Both types of therapist are warm and open minded and accepting. In both therapies the therapist is bidden to provide a non judgemental respectful attitude towords the client. Both also share a commitment to the use of silence beliving it is an effective tool for therapy commiting to listening without impediment. The similarities are strongly guided by personal growth and development both have the interest of promoting self-reflection of the client. Their interest is to promote self-reflection of the clirnt. The relationship is very important in both and the main reason for this is to gain a beter insight and clearer understanding of the client. The aim is to build a relationship built on trust honesty and reliance on one another. The relationship is crucial in both therpays as without a tight relationship there is no ground work in place for the client to feel safe to explore. Both models encourage the client to relase emotions and it is through tehase that empathy can be experienced. On the other hand psychoanalytic theory stresses the importance of unconscious procedures and sexuality as the key terms for a deep understanding of the human pychopathology. Freud thought that dreams were the best way to explore the unconscious since they are disquised as the id whishes repressed by the ego in order to escape from awareness. The goal of counselling to Rodgers is the congruence of personality acchived when the self gains access to a variety of experiances. he need for self actualization can only be atteneded to once counsellor creates an atmosphere of unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding. There are considerable diffrences between the two approaches ialthough stated that they both create a strong knitted relationship between client ancd counsellor . person centers counselling the counsellor takes on a non directice role more like a companio n rather than a leader and the client takes lead of the session were as psychodynamic counsellors take more of an authority figure in the relationship. Person centred firmly believes that the 6 core condition are necessary for change. Hoewever psychodynamic use of transference is to make interpretation to the client for effective change. Person centred would see using transference would not create a genuine relationship between counsellor and client. One of the central themes in person centred is the emphasis on the present behaviours of the client. Psychodynamic focuses on the past and how it determines the present behaviours. Pychodyanmic counsellors choose to remain neutral during a session as this encourages transference a major tool in psychodynamic therapy. McLeod (2004) points out that in person centered counselling, questions are only asked to clients when necessary and may also answer questions if asked by clients, as this was supports to create the quality of the relationship. This again differs to the way Psychodynamic counsellors’ work; as asking questions are pivotal during therapy as this elps to explore and build up relevant material, furthermore, it would be unlikely for a psychodynamic counsellor to answer any personal questions by the client and instead try to figure out why the question is important. Although both see the relationship as crucial each therapy maintains a diferent way to responding to the client attitudes and values. for instance defences and transferance excist in both forms but handled in different ways. For person centerdit is a requirement that the core condition s are stimuiltaneous for the therapist thease core conditions repersent an openess to self experience and to the experience of another. Rodgers belived counsellors should be egalitarian in their meetings with clinets and a major diffrence concerns pychodynamic interpretations. Appearing as all knowing and going beyond what is un-concious based mostly on theory rather than a clients spacific experiances. Thorne (1996) states that â€Å"pychodynamic therpay may go to early in interpratation to make sence to clients† Pychodynamic interpratation specifically concerns the naming of the unconcious for causeing problems that the clinet may be having. Only in the hermanutic meaning does the word interpratation make sence of things Hermeneutics applies to all persons who make sense of all situations, whereas psychodynamic interpretation in the narrow sense is the most specific ingredient of psychodynamic therapy’s efforts to make positive changes for clients. All in all psychodynamic approaches are based on freuds work based on the unconscious of the ID ego and superego which emphasis on sexual aggression. Person centerd is based on the belief that humans have unique qualities for freedom and growth beliving that we are beyond being controlled by ID ego and superego not controlled by sexual urges. The similarities between both approaches promote and guide the idea of progress and development. There main interest to promote self reflection and awarenss for the client in order to do this they effectively use communication. Both approaches are the result of hypothesis the main diffrences lie at the foundations and what is belived to work best however sometimes they meet for what may be the best too to use at the time of hearapy. prehaps what makes any thrapy work is the belief that they can work if the client wants it to work there emotional needs and expectataions I belive that theory used does play a a very important role but it is the client who has the ability to change which ever root of therapy they take they can change no matter how they recive therapy weather it be in a humanistic approach or psychodynamic because if they expect it to work it will so maybe I am more for the person cneterd view as I belive that self actualisation and awarenss is very important to be able to facilitate growth.